They have not, however, provided many tools for directly quantifying neurophysiological measures of emotion that can help individuals both detect and modulate their own emotions. That is, traditional approaches have elicited important breakthroughs in terms of how we understand affective responses at the behavioral, social, and physiological levels. In addition, the majority of neuroscientific research on affective responses has investigated brain processes involved in mere recognition of emotional content, while the brain processes involved in the induction and mediation of affective states by emotionally-evocative stimuli are not yet well understood, due in part to the difficulty of carefully controlling these types of studies. Despite these advances, existing theories and models of emotion often lack consistency, and are often strongly context-dependent. These findings have shed light on the cognitive, neural, and social factors at play in emotion processing. For example, scientists now know that there is at least some degree of independence between emotion processing and attentional mechanisms, that the amygdala is crucial in forming conditioned fear responses, and that evoking certain emotional states biases decision making processes. Research on emotion has a longstanding tradition that has garnered interest from a variety of scientific fields, such as psychology, sociology, and neuroscience (e.g., ). įunding: This research was partially funded by the Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, through the Singapore International Pre-Graduate Award (SIPGA) and is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the International Graduate School of Science and Engineering (IGSSE) at the Technical University of Munich (TUM).Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The data has been made publicly available under the following URL. Received: JAccepted: FebruPublished: March 18, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Ehrlich et al. University of Pécs Medical School, HUNGARY The proposed concept offers a tool to study emotions in the loop, promising to cast a complementary light on emotion-related brain research, particularly in terms of clarifying the interactive, spatio-temporal dynamics underlying affective processing in the brain.Ĭitation: Ehrlich SK, Agres KR, Guan C, Cheng G (2019) A closed-loop, music-based brain-computer interface for emotion mediation. Preliminary results suggested that participants were able to intentionally modulate the musical feedback by self-inducing emotions (e.g., by recalling memories), suggesting that the system was able not only to capture the listener’s current affective state in real-time, but also potentially provide a tool for listeners to mediate their own emotions by interacting with music. In a second pilot study, the algorithm was embedded in a real-time BCI architecture to investigate affective closed-loop interactions in 5 participants. In the first study, we tested the efficacy of our music algorithm by measuring subjective affective responses from 11 participants. We evaluated our concept in two separate studies. We realized this concept technically in a functional prototype of an algorithm that generates continuous and controllable patterns of synthesized affective music in real-time, which is embedded within a BCI architecture. ![]() We propose a non-invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) system to feedback a person’s affective state such that a closed-loop interaction between the participant’s brain responses and the musical stimuli is established. Emotions play a critical role in rational and intelligent behavior a better fundamental knowledge of them is indispensable for understanding higher order brain function.
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